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   <subfield code="a">Fakih, S.J.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">LEAD</subfield>
   <subfield code="b">a methodology for learning efficient approaches to medical diagnosis.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">pp. 220-228</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Determining the most efficient use of diagnostic tests is one of the complex issues facing medical practitioners. With the soaring cost of healthcare, particularly in the US, there is a critical need for cutting costs of diagnostic tests, while achieving a higher level of diagnostic accuracy. This paper develops a learning based methodology that, based on patient information, recommends test(s) that optimize a suitable measure of diagnostic performance. A comprehensive performance measure is developed that accounts for the costs of testing, morbidity, and mortality associated with the tests, and time taken to reach diagnosis. The performance measure also accounts for the diagnostic ability of the tests. The methodology combines tools from the fields of data mining (rough set theory, in particular), utility theory, Markov decision processes (MDP), and reinforcement learning (RL). The rough set theory is used in extracting diagnostic information in the form of rules from the medical databases. Utility theory is used in bringing various nonhomogenous performance measures into one cost based measure. An MDP model together with an RL algorithm facilitates obtaining efficient testing strategies. The methodology is implemented on a sample problem of diagnosing solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). The results obtained are compared with those from four alternative testing strategies. Our methodology holds significant promise to improve the process of medical diagnosis</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Markov decision processes.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Comprehensive performance measure.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Diagnostic information extraction.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Diagnostic performance.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Learning efficient approaches to medical diagnosis.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Medical databases.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Nonhomogenous performance measures.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Reinforcement learning.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Rough set theory.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Solitary pulmonary nodule.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Testing costs.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Utility theory.</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="t">IEEE Transactions on information technology in biomedicine</subfield>
   <subfield code="g">10, 2 (2006).</subfield>
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