Carpenter, K., & Niem, V. (1999). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3 Batoid fishes, Chimaerus and Bony Fishes. part 1 (Elopidae to Linophyrynidae). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Carpenter, K.E, and V.H Niem. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3 Batoid Fishes, Chimaerus and Bony Fishes. Part 1 (Elopidae to Linophyrynidae). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1999.

Carpenter, K.E, and V.H Niem. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3 Batoid Fishes, Chimaerus and Bony Fishes. Part 1 (Elopidae to Linophyrynidae). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1999.