00000cam a22000008a 4500 UP-1685594773861497619 Buklod 20250206095546.0 j|||||||||||||| | ta 250206s1991 xx d |||| || | (iLib)UPBAG-00001246104 DLC BAG rda eng HA 29 L48 1991 Levin, Jack 1941- author. Elementary statistics in social research Jack Levin, James Alan Fox. 5th ed. New York Harper Collins ©1991. 501 pages illustrations, map 25 cm text rdacontent unmediated rdamedia volume rdacarrier Includes index. Why the social researcher uses statistics -- The nature of social research -- Practical and statistical: one lump or two? -- Why test hypotheses? -- Using series of numbers to do social research -- The functions of statistics. Part I. Description -- Organizing the data -- Frequency distributions of nominal data -- Comparing distributions -- Proportions and percentages -- Ratios and rates -- Simple frequency distributions of ordinal and interval data -- Grouped frequency distributions of interval data -- Cumulative distributions --Percentile ranks -- Dealing with decimal data -- Flexible class Intervals -- Cross-tabulations -- Choosing among total, row, and column percents. Graphic presentations -- Pie charts -- Bar graphs -- Frequency polygons -- The shape of a frequency distribution -- Line charts -- Maps. Measures of central tendency -- The mode -- The median -- The mean -- Comparing the mode, median, and mean -- Obtaining the mode, media, and mean from a grouped frequency distribution. Measures of variability -- The range -- The mean deviation -- The variance and standard deviation -- The raw-score formula for variance and standard deviation -- Comparing the range, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation -- Obtaining the range, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation. Part II. From description to decision making -- Probability and the normal curve -- Rules of probability -- Probability distributions -- The difference between probability distributions and frequency distribution -- Mean and standard deviation of a probability distribution -- The normal curve as a probability distribution -- Characteristics of the normal curve -- Normal curves: the model and the real world -- The area under the normal curve -- Clarifying the standard deviation: an illustration -- Usin table A -- Standard scores and the normal curve. Samples and populations -- Sampling methods -- Sampling error -- Sampling distribution of means -- Standard error of the mean -- Confidence intervals -- The t distribution -- Estimating proportions -- Determining sample size. Part III. Decision making -- Testing differences between means -- The null hypothesis: no difference between means means -- The research hypothesis: a difference between means -- Sampling distribution of differences between means -- Testing hypotheses with the distribution of differences between means -- Levels of significance -- Standard error of the difference between means -- Adjustment for unequal variances -- Comparing the same sample measured twice -- One-tailed tests -- Requirements for the use use of the z score and t ratio. Analysis of variance -- The logic of analysis of variance -- The sum of squares -- Mean square -- The F ratio -- A multiple comparison of means -- Step-by-step illustration: HSD for analysis of variance -- Requirements for the use of F ratio. Chi-square -- Computing Chi-square -- Finding the expected frequencies -- A 2x2 chi-square computational formula -- Comparing several groups -- Correcting for small expected frequencies -- Requirement for the use of chi-square. Nonparametric tests of significance -- The median test -- The Mann-Whitney U test -- Friedman's two-way analysis of variance by ranks -- Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks. Part IV. Correlation -- Strength of correlation -- Direction of correlation -- Curvililinear correlation -- The correlation coefficient -- Pearson's correlation coeffecient -- a computational formula for Pearson's r -- Testing the significance of Pearson's r -- The importance of Scatter Plots -- Partial correlation. Nonparametric measures of correlation -- Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient -- Step-by-step illustration: Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient -- Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma -- Step-by-step illustration: Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma -- Correlation coefficients for nominal data in larger than 2x2 table -- Correlation coefficients for nominal data in larger than 2x2 tables -- Lamdba -- Elaboration. Regression analysis -- The regression model -- Requirements for regression -- Interpreting the regression line -- Prediction errors -- Regresssion and Pearson's correlation -- Regression and analysis of variance -- Multiple regression. Part V. Applying statistical procedures to research problems -- Choosing statistical procedures for research problems -- Research situations -- Research solutions. Social sciences Statistical methods. Statistics. Fox, James Alan. FO UPBAG UPBAG-MAIN HA 29 L48 1991 Book