00000cab a22000004cb4500 IPP-00000272781 IPP 20181031105325.0 181031s1985 xx d | ||r |||||eng|| eng Endriga, Jose N. Stability and change the civil service in the Philippines 1985 The civil service system was marked by different features at various periods in Philippine history. During the Spanish colonial period, public office exhibited generally negative characteristics. The American period saw the development of a non-political civil service based on merit. However, this positive legacy was eroded by the war and its aftermath. Despite attempts by successive postwar administrations to restore administrative efficiency through the enactment of anti-graft measures and the implementation of organizational reforms, problems of graft and corruption continued to plague the bureaucracy. The martial law period initially held out the promise of thorough reforms in the bureaucracy, but corruption and other negative characteristics remained. Civil Service Commission Civil service reform Philippine Journal of Public Administration Vol. XXIX, no. 2 (Apr. 1985), 132-154 UPD DCPA Article FI